Cross-border CO₂ shipping will only scale in markets where domestic storage is constrained, capture is credibly incentivized and CO₂ needs to move offshore. Many industrialized countries now meet these conditions: they have large point-source emissions far from suitable geological storage and limited pipeline routes to offshore basins such as the North Sea and emerging hubs in Asia Pacific. In these structures, the mismatch between where CO₂ is emitted and where it can be stored makes cross-border transport both unavoidable and the binding constraint. Where pipelines are absent or delayed, shipping becomes the practical pathway to offshore storage.

In this report, we examine how CO₂ shipping can be integrated into CCS value chains and sets out the main opportunities and challenges for cross-border CCS projects built around shipping CO₂ to offshore storage.

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